Resistor structure of phase change material and trimming method thereof

ABSTRACT

An embodiment of a resistor formed by at least one first portion and one second portion, electrically connected to one another and with different crystalline phases. The first portion has a positive temperature coefficient, and the second portion has a negative temperature coefficient. The first portion has a first resistivity, and the second portion has a second resistivity, and the portions are connected so that the resistor has an overall temperature coefficient that is approximately zero.

PRIORITY CLAIM

The present application claims priority to Italian Patent ApplicationNo. TO2008A000951, filed Dec. 18, 2008, which application isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

An embodiment of the present relates to a resistor structure of phasechange material with trimmable resistance and trimmable temperaturecoefficient of resistance and to a trimming method thereof.

BACKGROUND

As is known, many integrated circuits employ thin-film resistors usuallyfor controlling the current or the voltage of other components of theintegrated circuit. Thin-film resistors are typically deposited byvacuum evaporation or sputtering and are made of different materials,such as CrSi, TaN, and NiCr.

Even using highly controlled processes, the initial resistance of thesecomponents may have a tolerance of 3-15%, according to the desired valueof resistance. More accurate values may be obtained by physicallyremoving portions of the resistor in a subsequent trimming operation,carried out via laser while verifying the electrical characteristics ofcomponents at wafer level, i.e., during electrical wafer sorting (EWS).To this end, laser-beam trimming systems have been developed, which havevarious advantages, such as speed, accuracy, and cleanliness. Thesesystems may be controlled via computer to modify and adjust theelectrical parameters of the components while their values are beingmeasured.

However, resistors are frequently sensitive to temperature. For example,current-reference circuits use load resistors for controlling thecurrent level. As the operating temperature of the circuit changes, thecurrent also changes. Often in devices and circuits where resistorprecision is required, large resistance values may also be requiredbecause the resistor area may be a controlling factor in determining thedevice density. Even though, for manufacturing good resistors, materialswith high resistivity may be used, they typically have a hightemperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR), in the order of about 100ppm/° C. The TCR is defined as the normalized first derivative ofresistance versus temperature and provides an adequate way for measuringthe performance of a resistor.

In order to obtain resistors with almost zero TCR, various solutionshave been proposed, such as series- or parallel-connected resistors, ofdifferent materials having different TCRs, and, more precisely, positiveTCRs and negative TCRs matched together so that the effectivetemperature coefficient is almost zero (see, by way of example, U.S.Pat. No. 7,217,981, which is incorporated by reference).

However, trimming of the TCR may require manufacturing and connecting atleast two or more resistors having different TCRs. Consequently, theknown solutions are rather complex and require many masks, variousmaterials, and/or various levels of interconnection, and the finisheddevices that include these resistors are costly.

SUMMARY

An embodiment of the present disclosure is a resistor structure thatovercomes at least some of the drawbacks of the prior art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present disclosure, one or moreembodiments thereof are now described, purely by way of non-limitingexample, with reference to the attached drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a view in cross-section of an embodiment of a phase changeresistor;

FIG. 2 is a top plan view of an embodiment of the phase change resistorof FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 shows the sheet resistance versus temperature for an embodimentof a phase change material;

FIG. 4 shows the resistivity versus temperature for an embodiment ofphase change resistors manufactured at different temperatures;

FIG. 5 shows the ratio between the number of squares in metallic phaseand the number of squares in semiconductive phase with a zero overalltemperature coefficient, versus the trimming temperature, of anembodiment of a phase change resistor;

FIG. 6 shows an apparatus for trimming an embodiment of phase changeresistors;

FIGS. 7-9 are top plan views of other embodiments of phase changeresistors;

FIG. 10 shows an estimation of the power used for melting a region of anembodiment of a phase change resistor as a function of the volume;

FIGS. 11-14 show cross-sections of different embodiments of the presentresistor;

FIGS. 15-19 are top plan views of further embodiments of phase changeresistors.

FIG. 20 is a view in cross-section of an embodiment of a phase changeresistor

FIG. 21 shows the TCR as a function of resistance for an embodiment of aphase change resistor

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a resistor 1 of phase change material (identifiedhereinafter as a PC resistor) formed on a substrate 2. The substrate 2may be of a semiconductor material, or may be a silicon-on-insulator(SOI) substrate, or a flexible substrate with transistors and otherelectronic components integrated inside it or on top of it. In anembodiment, a phase change material may be characterized by a strongvariation of the electrical resistivity and by a change of the polarityof the temperature coefficient of resistance as a result of a phasetransition being obtainable by heating, annealing, and melting thematerial using a thermal process, or electric or laser pulses.

In the example shown, the substrate 2 comprises an insulating structure3. The insulating structure 3 may be formed, for example, by asilicon-oxide field-insulation region, or by a trench insulation regionof a shallow trench or deep trench type, which extends inside thesubstrate 2. A first dielectric layer 4, for example of oxide, extendson the insulating structure 3.

Bottom metal regions 10 a, 10 b are formed on the first dielectric layer4 and may be part of the first metal level or of any metal level. Thebottom metal regions 10 a, 10 b are, for example, of aluminium orcopper-aluminium, with suitable barrier layers, but other metals may beused. An intermediate dielectric layer 11 extends on the firstdielectric layer 4 and on the bottom metal regions 10 a, 10 b. Theintermediate dielectric layer 11 may be a single layer or a multilayerof tetraorthosilicate (TEOS), a spin-on glass, a fluorinated-siliconglass (FSP), phosphorous-boron-silicon glass (PBSG) or other dielectric,in a per se known manner.

Vias 12 extend through the intermediate dielectric layer 11 and connectthe bottom metal regions 10 a, 10 b with top metal regions 13 or with aresistive region 14 of phase change material. The vias 12 may be formedby a suitably designed barrier layer (for example, of Ti or TiN), andare filled, for example, with tungsten. Alternatively, the vias 12 maybe filled directly by the metal of the top metal layer (forming the topmetal regions 13).

In FIG. 2, where the top layers have been removed, the resistive region14 is formed by a single strip of phase change material, provided withtwo ends extending on top of, and in direct electrical contact with,respective vias 12.

The phase change material of the resistive region 14 may include atleast one chalcogen element. Generally the phase change materialaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure is formed from aplurality of atomic elements, for example, including one or moreelements from the group consisting of Te, Se, S, Ge, Sb, Bi, Si, O, N,and mixtures or alloys thereof. For example, the chalcogen element isTe, and the phase change material is an alloy of Te and Ge or Te and Sb.In another example, the chalcogenide alloy may be an alloy comprisingGe, Sb and Te, with composition along the pseudobinary line GeTe—Sb₂Te₃,such as, for example, Ge₂Sb₂Te₅. Other suitable phase change materialsare described in the following documents, which are incorporated byreference: U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,758; U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,716; U.S. Pat.No. 5,534,711; U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,947; U.S. Pat. No. 5,596,522; andU.S. Pat. No. 5,687,112.

The resistive region 14 may have a uniform width (in the directionperpendicular to the drawing plane of FIG. 1). The thickness of theresistive region 14 may be constant and may range approximately between10 and 200 nm, according to the resistance desired.

A protective layer 20 and a passivation layer 21 extend on the resistiveregion 14. The top metal regions 13 may extend on the intermediatedielectric layer 11, in contact with respective vias 12. The protectivelayer 20 may be of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or other dielectricmaterial, the top metal regions 22 may be of the same material as thebottom metal regions 10, and the passivation layer 21 may be of siliconoxide, silicon nitride, or a combination thereof.

The resistive region 14 comprises at least two areas having differentcrystalline phases, and precisely such as to have opposite behaviorsversus temperature, i.e., resistive temperature coefficients ofdifferent polarities.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, as represented schematically by thedashed boundary lines, the crystalline region 14 comprises two firstareas 14 a, in the metallic phase, and a second area 14 b, here in anintermediate position and in the semiconductive phase, as discussed indetail hereinafter.

As is known, phase change materials are characterized by markedvariations of the electrical and optical characteristics following uponphase transitions. Reversible phase transitions may be obtained byheating and melting, for example, using thermal annealing, laserannealing or electrical pulses.

In particular, phase change materials have stable phases that arevariable between a completely amorphous phase and a completelycrystalline phase, including the intermediate phases. FIG. 3 shows thesheet resistance R_(s) of a phase change layer of Ge₂Sb₂Te₅, which,starting from the amorphous phase, is heated at a rate of 15° C./min andthen cooled. The solid line shows the sheet resistance for a heating upto 225° C. at the rate indicated above, and subsequent cooling; thedotted line shows the evolution for a heating up to 325° C. at the samerate, and subsequent cooling.

In either case, the dependence of the resistance upon temperature duringcooling differs markedly from its initial behavior. In particular, therapid reduction in resistance corresponds to a phase transition. A firstphase transition, at approximately 155° C. (knee between stretch A andstretch B) corresponds to a transition from the amorphous to thepolycrystalline phase. As may be noted, in stretch B, during transitionthere is a sharp reduction in the resistance. A second phase transitionoccurs in the case represented with a dotted line (turning point betweenstretch B and stretch D) and corresponds to the passage from onepolycrystalline phase to a different polycrystalline phase,characterized by a lower resistance and by a positive temperaturecoefficient (TCR>0), typical of metal materials. The polycrystallinephase described by the stretch of curve D is thus identified as“metallic phase”. In the case represented by the solid line, the secondphase transition does not occur so that the stretch of curve C, withnegative temperature coefficient, describes the behavior of regions ofphase change material identified hereinafter as being in the“semiconductive phase”.

In case of phase change materials of alloys of GeSbTe with compositionsalong the pseudobinary line GeTe—Sb₂Te₃, the phase formed at a lowertemperature typically has a face-centred cubic structure (fcc) and ischaracterized by a resistivity that may range between approximately 10⁻³and 10⁻² Ω·cm, depending on the composition. The phase formed at highertemperature has a hexagonal structure and a resistivity that rangesbetween 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻³ Ω·cm.

Different formation temperatures of phase change material layers giverise to different resistivities and different temperature coefficients.For example, FIG. 4 shows the sheet resistivity R_(s) versus temperaturefor a layer of Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ crystallized in the semiconductive phase, atdifferent temperatures. FIG. 4 clearly shows that the resistivity andits temperature dependence depend upon the temperature to which thelayer has been heated. This property is here exploited for fine trimmingof the resistivity and of the temperature coefficient of resistance ofan embodiment of the present PC resistor.

To return to FIGS. 1 and 2, the resistor 1 is equivalent to theseries-connection of two resistors having, respectively, a firstresistance R₁ (for example, formed by the sum of the two first areas 14a, each having resistance R₁/2) and a second resistance R₂ (for example,formed by the second area 14 b). The two resistances R₁, R₂ arecharacterized, respectively, by a first resistivity ρ₁ and a secondresistivity ρ₂, which correspond, respectively, to the metallic phaseand to the semiconductive phase (i.e., they have the behavior describedby the stretch of curve D and by the stretch of curve C, respectively,in FIG. 3).

The total series resistance of the resistor 1 is given byR=R ₁ +R ₂=ρ₁ N ₁+ρ₂ N ₂  (1)where N₁ and N₂ are geometrical factors, defined as L/S, where L is thelength of the respective area 14 a, 14 b of the resistive region 14(where the sum of the two areas 14 a is considered), and S is thesection of the resistive region 14 (which is the same for both of theareas).

As is known, the resistivity of each portion varies with the temperatureaccording to the relationρ=ρ₀+α(T−T _(ref))  (2)where ρ₀ is the resistivity at the reference temperature T_(ref) and αis the non-normalized temperature coefficient (normalized TCR=α/ρ₀).

If the total resistance R is intended to be stable with temperature, theresistive region 14 should have an approximately zero temperaturecoefficient (TCR=0), i.e., the first derivative of the total resistanceR is approximately equal to zero. This means that the temperaturecoefficients α₁ and α₂ of the first resistance R₁ and of the secondresistance R₂ satisfy the following relation:α₁ N ₁+α₂ N ₂≈0  (3)

In order for the resistor 1 to have a given total resistance R andapproximately zero TCR, the system of equations given by the relations(1) and (3) is to be solved.

This system has a unique solution if the coefficient matrix isnon-singular, i.e., if the determinant of the coefficient matrix(ρ₁α₂−ρ₂α₁) is other than zero. Since the resistor 1 has two phases, one(the semiconductive phase) with α₂<0 and the other (the metallic phase)with α₁>0, the determinant of the coefficient matrix is always otherthan zero, and a unique solution exists. On the basis of Cramer rule,the solution is given by:N ₂ =Rα ₁/(ρ₂α₁−ρ₁α₂)N ₁ =−Rα ₂/(ρ₂α₁−ρ₁α₂)Consequently, the geometrical factors N₁ and N₂ satisfy the relationN ₂ /N ₁=−α₁/α₂  (4)

In the present context, the expression “approximately zero temperaturecoefficient”, used herein, takes into account the manufacture tolerancesand/or the measurement errors and/or the thermal drift, so that, forexample, resistors having a temperature coefficient TCR within a rangeof approximately ±50 ppm/K are considered to be within an embodiment ofthis disclosure.

According to one embodiment, it is possible to deposit the resistiveregion 14 at a first temperature, and modify the resistivity of resistor14 via thermal annealing so as to satisfy Eq. (4). In particular, it ispossible to obtain various pairs of solutions (N₁, N₂), according to thetemperature at which the resistive region 14 is deposited and thetemperature at which the resistive region 14 is annealed. By way ofexample, FIG. 5 shows the ratio N₁/N₂ obtained considering variousannealing temperatures for a layer of Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ formed as described. Asmay be noted, for the stoichiometry of Ge₂Sb₂Te₅, the ratio N₁/N₂ may bebetween approximately 10 and 500 and beyond, according to the annealingtemperature of the resistive region 14.

According to an embodiment, it is possible to deposit the resistiveregion 14 at a first temperature, so that it is initially in themetallic phase, and to modify the resistivity of the portion that is toform the second area 14 b, so as to bring it into the semiconductivephase, by melting it and then cooling it down to a second temperaturelower than the deposition temperature.

As an example, for a phase change resistor formed from Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ to havea TCR approximately equal to zero, the larger area of the resistiveregion 14 is in the metallic phase (first areas 14 a), at a lowresistance and with α>0. This is the phase typically obtained after themanufacturing of silicon integrated circuits, wherein temperatures of upto 400° C. are employed. To obtain the resistance required and TCR≈0,only a small portion ( 1/10 or less) of the resistive region 14 (forexample, in FIG. 5, the second area 14 b) is converted into thesemiconductive phase (with higher resistance and α<0).

On the basis of the above, the resistor 1 may be manufactured asdescribed hereinafter. The dielectric layer 4 is formed on the substrate2, possibly on the insulating structure 3, the bottom metal regions 10and the interlevel dielectric layer 11 are formed, the vias 12 areopened and then filled with metal material, and then the resistiveregion 14 is formed, by depositing a phase change material, for example,the above alloy of GeSbTe, and subsequently defined. In particular, theresistive region 14 is deposited at a temperature such as to obtain,once cooled, the resistivity ρ₁. Then, the protective layer 20 is formedand defined together with the resistor, and then the top metal regions13 and the passivation layer 21 are formed.

In the final verification step (during electrical wafer sorting—EWS),the second area 14 b of the resistive region 14 is subject to laserannealing, as represented in FIG. 6, which shows schematically a laserapparatus 24 used for selectively irradiating a wafer 25 ofsemiconductor material, which integrates a plurality of resistiveregions 14. In a per se known manner, the wafer 25 is carried by aholder 26, which is controlled via a computer 27 and in turn controls alaser generator 28, which, through appropriate optics 29, causes heatingof the second areas 14 b to be treated.

For example, it is possible to use a frequency-doubled diode-pumped CWNd:YAG laser at 532 nm, using laser pulses having a power of 10-15 mWand duration of 100-400 ns. Melting and subsequent recrystallizationthus cause transition of the second areas 14 b into the desiredsemiconductive phase. In addition, since the phase transition iscompletely reversible, the resistive regions 14 may be treated again soas to obtain more precise desired values of TCR.

Therefore, at the end of the fabrication steps, the resistor 1 istrimmed so as to have the desired value of resistance R and anapproximately zero TCR.

When the resistor 1 also requires an adjustment of the resistance value,it is possible to perform a trimming thereof, in addition to a trimmingof the temperature coefficient TCR, by laser cutting. Laser cutting maybe performed in a known way so as to remove material, as shown, forexample, in FIG. 7. In particular, using the same laser apparatus 24,but different power levels and pulse durations, in a per se knownmanner, the resistive region 14 is subject to one or more cuttingoperations (as regards the technique of trimming of resistance via lasercutting, see, for example, “A Review of Thirty-Five years of LaserTrimming With a Look to the Future” Phil Deluca, Proceedings of theIEEE, vol. 90, No. 10, October 2002, which is incorporated byreference).

FIG. 7 shows a resistive region 14, a first area 14 a 1 of which has acut 31, shaped like an L turned upside down, such as to modify the valueof resistance of this area. Alternatively, the cut 31 may comprise asingle rectilinear portion, or other forms deemed appropriate forachieving the desired precision, in a per se known manner.

In this case, the first areas in the metallic phase, here designated 14a 1 and 14 a 2, may have different resistances R₃ and R₄. Also in thiscase, the resistivity values of the different areas are such that thefirst derivative of the resistance is equal to approximately zero andtotal resistance equal to R.

In another embodiment, the resistive region 14 has different regions inthe two, semiconductive and metallic, phases, as shown, for example, inFIG. 8. In an embodiment, there are provided two second areas 14 b, inthe semiconductive phase, and three first areas 14 a, in the metallicphase. Other configurations are, however, possible, starting from thepresence of a single first area 14 a and a single second area 14 b, upto solutions including a plurality of first areas 14 a and/or secondareas 14 b, with various degrees of resistivity, provided that thederivative of the total resistance is approximately zero and the totalresistance is R.

FIG. 9 shows a different embodiment of the resistor 1, in which trimmingmay be carried out electrically. To this end, the resistive region 14has a second area of a reduced width, designated by 14 b, intermediatebetween two first areas 14 a. For the rest, the structure of theresistor 1 is similar to that of FIGS. 1 and 2; in particular, thecross-section is the same.

The second area 14 b may also be in the semiconductive phase, while thefirst areas 14 a may be in the metallic phase. In the exampleillustrated, the first areas 14 a have portions with anincreasing/decreasing width, so as to connect gradually to the secondarea 14 b.

With this embodiment, the resistor 1 may be obtained as described abovefor the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 and only the mask for defining theresistive region 14 changes.

In particular, in the example of Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ already consideredpreviously, the resistive region 14 is formed in the metallic phase, andthe second area 14 b is converted into the semiconductive phase via anelectrical pulse. Since the second area 14 b has a reduced width ascompared to the adjacent areas, a local crowding of the current paths isobtained, together with a confinement of the heat caused by the Jouleeffect, only in the area that is to undergo phase change.

To a first approximation, neglecting the thermal losses due todiffusion, the power P required for melting a volume V of phase changematerial is given byP=C _(p) VdT/dtwhere C_(p) is the thermal capacitance and dT/dt (derivative of thetemperature as a function of time) may be approximated to ΔT/t₀, whereΔT is the variation of temperature to which the material is subject toobtain melting thereof (˜600° C.), and t₀ is the pulse duration.

FIG. 10 shows with a solid line the power necessary for melting anembodiment of a phase change material with composition Ge₂Sb₂Te₅, usinga pulse of 5 ns. The power obtained, neglecting the diffusion, may becompared with the power calculated by S. Lai (S. Lai, Tyler Lowrey,“OUM—A 180 nm Nonvolatile Memory Cell Element Technology For Stand Aloneand Embedded Applications”, Session 36.5, IEDM Technical Digest (2001),which is incorporated by reference) considering a hemispherical phasechange volume, as shown in FIG. 10 by circles; FIG. 10 also shows theextrapolated evolution, represented with a dashed line.

The comparison shows that, for low volumes (below 10⁻¹³ cm³), ascalculated by Lai, the effect of the diffusion heat leakage may belarge, on account of the high surface-to-volume ratio.

Consequently, in this range, neglecting the diffusion, the necessarypower is underestimated. However, for volumes corresponding to typicalresistive regions to be trimmed (width and length in the range 1-100 μm,as is shown by the vertical dashed lines), the calculation withoutdiffusion represents a worst case and may thus be used for evaluatingthe range of power necessary for trimming.

However, pulses of 5 ns are sufficiently long for melting the materialbut not for recrystallizing it, thus giving rise to amorphous regions.In order to obtain the polycrystalline semiconductive phase, longerpulses may be necessary. For this reason, FIG. 10 also shows, with adotted line, the power obtained for pulses of a duration t₀=1 μs. Thus,it is possible to use a working window from 1 mW up to 10 W, which issufficiently wide to ensure feasibility for different pulse durationsand heated volumes.

The values of current and voltage necessary for trimming depend upon thedesired value of resistance and upon the geometry of the resistor. Thepower required may be supplied by an external source or by a suitablyprovided source integrated in the substrate 2 (for example, a BJT).

FIG. 11 shows a different embodiment, which differs from FIG. 1 becausethe resistive region 14 is connected directly to the respective bottommetal regions 10 a. Here, after forming the intermediate dielectriclayer 11, this is etched selectively so as to expose the bottom metalregions 10 a. Then, the phase change material that is to form theresistive region 14 is deposited, in direct electrical contact with thebottom metal regions 10 a. The protective layer 20 is defined togetherwith the resistive region 14. After defining the resistive region 14 andthe protective layer 20, a second dielectric layer 30 is deposited and,finally, the passivation layer 21. If the resistor 14 is not depositedafter the last metal level, before deposition of the passivation layer20, the vias are opened through the dielectrics 30 and 11 and are filledwith appropriate conductive material to make a contact with the topmetal level 13. Finally, the passivation layer 20 is deposited.

FIG. 12 shows another embodiment wherein the conductive region 14 iscontacted through the top metal level. In detail, here the bottom metalregions 10 a in direct contact with the resistor 14 are not formed. Inaddition, in the embodiment shown, the intermediate dielectric layer 11has the same height as the bottom metal regions 10; alternatively, thelayer 11 may be thicker, as in FIG. 1, and be traversed by the vias 12.

After forming the resistive region 14 and the second dielectric layer30, the vias 12 are opened, some of which reach the ends of theresistive region 14. The vias 12 are filled as indicated previously, thetop metal regions 13 and then the passivation layer 21 are formed.

FIG. 13 shows an embodiment wherein the areas with different phase arearranged in parallel, instead of in series. In particular, in FIG. 13,the resistive region 14 is formed by a bottom layer 34, deposited on theintermediate dielectric layer 11, and by a top layer 35, deposited onthe bottom layer 34. Since the metallic phase requires a deposition at ahigher temperature as compared to the semiconductive phase, the bottomlayer 34 is generally formed in the metallic phase, and the top layer 35is formed in the semiconductive phase. By appropriately choosing thedeposition parameters, in particular the deposition temperature and thethickness of the layers 34, 35, it is possible to form the resistiveregion 14 right from the start with the desired resistance value andwith approximately zero temperature coefficient. In this case, thetrimming has only the purpose of achieving a particularly precise valueof resistance.

For example, if R₅ and R₆ are the resistance of the layers 34, 35 and ρ₅and ρ₆ their resistivities, we haveR=R ₅ R ₆/(R ₅ +R ₆)=(ρ₅ρ₆)/(ρ₅ t ₆+ρ₆ t ₅)  (5)since the dimensions L and W are equal, with t₅ and t₆ being thethicknesses of the layers 34 and 35, respectively.

If the temperature coefficient is set to zero, i.e., dR/dT=0, we obtainα₅ρ₆ ² t ₅+α₆ρ₅ ² t ₆=0  (6)

Also in this case the system of equations (5), (6) admits of a singlesolution, and the ratio between the thicknesses in order to have a TCRclose to zero ist ₅ /t ₆=−α₆ρ₅ ²/(α₅ρ₆ ²)  (7)

Very accurate resistance values may be obtained using the customarytechnique of laser-beam cutting.

An alternative solution of parallel connection is shown in FIG. 14,where the top layer 35 is separated from the bottom layer 34 by afurther dielectric layer 36, but the two layers 34, 35 are electricallyconnected through vias 37 or metal regions in contact with the ends ofboth of the layers 34, 35.

FIG. 15 shows a different, parallel connection solution, wherein theresistor 1 comprises a first branch 40 and a second branch 41, formed ona same plane and connected at the ends by two metal connections,designated once again by 10 a. One of the two branches (in the example,the first branch 40) is in the metallic phase and has TCR>0, and theother branch (here the second branch 41) is in the semiconductive phaseand has TCR<0. The cross-section in this embodiment is the same of thesolution that uses a single resistive region 14, and thus may be any ofFIGS. 1, 11 and 12.

In this case, the manufacture of the resistor 1 may comprise, after theformation of the intermediate dielectric layer 11 (if envisaged), thedeposition of a first layer of phase change material at a temperaturesuch as to obtain the metallic phase. Then, the first branch 40 isdefined.

Next, a second layer of phase change material is deposited at a secondtemperature, lower than the first temperature so as to obtain asemiconductive phase. Then, the second layer of phase change material isdefined so as to form the second branch 41.

Also in this case, by choosing appropriate geometrical and processparameters (width, thickness, and possibly length), it is possible toobtain the desired overall resistance value and a practically zerotemperature coefficient.

If, however, it is desired to have a very precise value of resistance,it is possible to intervene by conventional laser cutting.

Alternatively, it is possible to use a mixed, parallel/series, structurewherein the first branch 40, in the metallic phase, is subject toelectrical or laser trimming.

For example, FIG. 16 shows a mixed solution, wherein the first branch 40has been subject to laser trimming and, after EWS, it is formed by twoside areas 40 a, still in the metallic phase, and by an intermediatearea 40 b, in the semiconductive phase. Also in this case, the numberand dimensions of the areas 40 a, 40 b of the first branch 40 may vary,provided that the resistor 1 has a predetermined overall resistance andan approximately zero temperature coefficient.

FIG. 17 shows a mixed solution, wherein the first branch 40 isstructured so as that it may be subject to electrical trimming. To thisend, the first branch 40 comprises, between the two side areas 40 a, inthe metallic phase, an area of reduced width, designated once again, forreasons of simplicity, as 40 b, in the semiconductive phase.

Moreover, in FIG. 18, the structure of FIG. 16 has been undergone lasercutting so as to adjust the total resistance R precisely. To this end,the second branch 41, in the semiconductive phase, has a cut 31.

FIG. 19 shows a mixed structure in which the first branch 40 is subjectto electrical trimming, and the second branch 41, in the semiconductivephase, has undergone laser cutting.

Referring to FIG. 20, another embodiment is a mixed, parallel/seriesstructure where the phase change resistor includes a mixture of the twodifferent polycrystalline phases, metallic and semiconductive, so as tohave an intermediate phase with resistivity p and approximately zeroTCR. Such a phase change resistor may be manufactured following any ofthe structures shown in FIGS. 1, 11 and 12, with layout as shown in FIG.2 or 9. Such a resistor may be trimmed by thermal annealing, laserannealing, electric pulses, or laser cutting, in order to achieve higherprecision.

The intermediate phase shown in FIG. 20 may be obtained during thedeposition step or subsequently through one or more dedicated thermalannealing steps at one or more temperatures in the range ofapproximately 100-450° C.

FIG. 21 shows the TCR as a function of resistance, as measured for aresistor made from Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ in an embodiment according to FIG. 20.Various resistances values have been obtained by varying the annealingtemperature in the range of approximately 150-400° C.

An embodiment of the integrated resistor described herein has numerousadvantages.

In particular, it enables trimming of the temperature coefficient and/orof the resistance in a simple way; its fabrication does not entailparticular difficulties and does not require appropriate machinery sothat the manufacturing costs are limited.

In addition, since trimming of the temperature coefficient occurs bymelting and subsequent cooling of the material, via laser or by theJoule effect, it is a reversible operation so that it is possible tocorrect trimming or perform a subsequent trimming to increase ordecrease the resistivity of the trimmed area.

The method of manufacturing the integrated resistor may employ anytechnology, since it requires, in its simplest solution, a singledeposition and one masking step; however, also in the case of doubledeposition and double masking, the costs are contained.

In addition, using the phase transitions for trimming the resistance andthe temperature coefficient, no material is blown up, thus eliminatingproblems of leakage and reducing the stress.

In the case of electrical trimming, the manufacturing process isparticularly simple and inexpensive since it does not require the laserapparatus. In addition, the trimming may occur also after packagingusing an internal or external current source.

Finally, thanks to the reduced thermal budget and to the possibility ofdepositing the phase change material layer at room temperature in theamorphous phase and of converting it subsequently into one of thepossible polycrystalline phases via laser pulses, an embodiment of thepresent resistor may also be easily used in new electronic applications,for example, on plastic or flexible substrates. The compatibility of thephase change materials with polycarbonate substrates has been, on theother hand, amply demonstrated by the widespread use of phase changematerials as substrate for storing information in CDROMs and re-writableDVDs.

Finally, it is clear that modifications and variations may be made tothe embodiments described and illustrated herein without therebydeparting from the scope of the present disclosure.

For example, in the series embodiment, it is possible to provide the twoareas 14 a, 14 b via different phase change regions, defined startingfrom a same deposited layer or from two different layers, electricallyconnected by metal lines.

In addition, in the parallel and mixed structure, it is possible toprovide more than two branches in series or in parallel. It is moreoverpossible for the branch having a number of crystalline phases to beprevalently in the metallic phase or vice versa, according to thecomposition, and thus the electrical properties, of the material used.

In addition, the number of resistors that it is possible to connect inseries and/or in parallel may vary, as likewise the possible trimmingcombinations. The cut 31 may also be performed on the branch 40 in themetallic phase, or on both of the branches; it also may be performed onmore than two resistors, however connected, in whatever phase they maybe.

Finally, the laser trimming, as likewise the electrical trimming, mayalso be envisaged in the semiconductor branch, by remelting it andcooling it to a temperature such as to obtain the metallic phase.

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specificembodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration,various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit andscope of the disclosure. Furthermore, where an alternative is disclosedfor a particular embodiment, this alternative may also apply to otherembodiments even if not specifically stated.

1. A resistor structure of phase change material, comprising a resistorformed by at least one first and one second portions electricallycoupled to each other and in different crystalline phases, wherein saidfirst portion has a positive temperature coefficient and said secondportion has a negative temperature coefficient and the first and thesecond portions have such resistivities and are coupled so that theresistor has an approximately zero overall temperature coefficient.
 2. Aresistor structure according to claim 1 wherein said phase changematerial has two crystalline phases.
 3. A resistor structure accordingto claim 2 wherein one of the two said crystalline phases has a positivetemperature coefficient of resistance and the other has a negativetemperature coefficient of resistance.
 4. A resistor structure accordingto claim 1, wherein the first and the second portions are arranged inseries to each other, the first portion having a temperature coefficientα₁ and a geometric factor N₁ and the second portion having antemperature coefficient α₂ opposite to α₁, and a geometric factor N₂,wherein:α₁ N ₁+α₂ N ₂=0.
 5. A resistor structure according to claim 4,comprising a single monolithic strip of a phase change material,accommodating both the first and the second portions, said strip havinguniform width and length.
 6. A resistor structure according to claim 4,wherein said first portion has a larger width than said second portion.7. A resistor structure according to claim 1, wherein said first portioncomprises at least two lateral areas and said second portion comprisesat least an intermediate area arranged between said two lateral areas.8. A resistor structure according to claim 1, comprising a first and asecond strips of phase change material accommodating the first and thesecond portion respectively, said first and second strip being mutuallyconnected in parallel.
 9. A resistor structure according to claim 8,wherein said first and second strips are mutually overlaid.
 10. Aresistor structure according to claim 6, wherein said first and secondstrip are arranged side-by-side.
 11. A resistor structure of phasechange material, comprising a resistor formed by at least one first andone second portions electrically coupled to each other and in differentcrystalline phases, wherein said first portion has a positivetemperature coefficient and said second portion has a negativetemperature coefficient and the first and the second portions have suchresistivities and are coupled so that the resistor has an approximatelyzero overall temperature coefficient; and a first and a second strips ofphase change material accommodating the first and the second portionrespectively, said first and second strip being mutually connected inparallel; wherein at least one strip between said first and second stripcomprises an area having an opposite temperature coefficient.
 12. Aresistor structure according to claim 1, wherein at least one portionbetween said first and second portions has a laser cut.
 13. An article,comprising: a first element of a material that is in a first state, thefirst element having a first resistive temperature coefficient of afirst polarity; and a second element of the material that is in a secondstate, the second element electrically coupled to the first element andhaving a second resistive temperature coefficient of a second polaritythat is opposite to the first polarity.
 14. The article of claim 13wherein the material comprises a compound that includes germanium,antimony, and tellurium.
 15. The article of claim 13 wherein: one of thefirst and second states comprises a metallic phase; and the other of thefirst and second states comprises a semiconductive phase.
 16. Thearticle of claim 13 wherein: one of the first and second statescomprises a first polycrystalline phase; and the other of the first andsecond states comprises a second polycrystalline phase.
 17. The articleof claim 13 wherein: the first state comprises a metallic phase; thesecond state comprises a semiconductive phase; the first polaritycomprises a positive polarity; and the second polarity comprises anegative polarity.
 18. The article of claim 13 wherein the first elementis integral with the second element.
 19. The article of claim 13 whereinthe first element has at least one dimension that has a different sizethan a corresponding dimension of the second element.
 20. The article ofclaim 13 wherein the first element is in electrical series with thesecond element.
 21. The article of claim 13 wherein the first element isin electrical parallel with the second element.
 22. The article of claim13 wherein one of the first and second elements includes a cut.
 23. Thearticle of claim 13 wherein the first element contacts the secondelement.
 24. The article of claim 13, further comprising a third elementof the material in one of the first and second states, the third elementelectrically coupled to at least one of the first and second elements.25. The article of claim 13 wherein the overall temperature coefficientof resistance is approximately zero.
 26. An integrated circuit,comprising: a first element of a material that is in a first state, thefirst element having a first resistive temperature coefficient of afirst polarity; and a second element of the material that is in a secondstate, the second element electrically coupled to the first element andhaving a second resistive temperature coefficient of a second polaritythat is opposite to the first polarity.
 27. The integrated circuit ofclaim 26, further comprising: a level; and wherein the first and secondelements are disposed at the level.
 28. The integrated circuit of claim26, further comprising: first and second levels; and wherein the firstand second elements are respectively disposed at the first and secondlevels.
 29. The integrated circuit of claim 26, further comprising: alayer; and wherein the first and second elements are disposed in thelayer.
 30. The integrated circuit of claim 26, further comprising: firstand second layers; and wherein the first and second elements arerespectively disposed in the first and second layers.
 31. The integratedcircuit of claim 26 wherein: one of the first and second statescomprises a first polycrystalline phase; and the other of the first andsecond states comprises a second polycrystalline phase.
 32. Theintegrated circuit of claim 26 wherein the overall temperaturecoefficient of resistance is approximately zero.
 33. A system,comprising: resistor, comprising: a first element of a material that isin a first state, the first element having a first resistive temperaturecoefficient of a first polarity; and a second element of the materialthat is in a second state, the second element electrically coupled tothe first element and having a second resistive temperature coefficientof a second polarity that is opposite to the first polarity; and atleast one circuit element coupled to the resistor.
 34. The system ofclaim 33 wherein the resistor and the at least one circuit element aredisposed on a same die.
 35. The system of claim 33 wherein the resistorand the at least one circuit element are disposed on respective dies.36. The system of claim 33 wherein the overall temperature coefficientof resistance is approximately zero.
 37. An article, comprising: a firstportion of a material that is in a first state, the first portion havinga first resistive temperature coefficient of a first polarity; a secondportion of the material that is in a second state, the second portionhaving a second resistive temperature coefficient of a second polaritythat is opposite to the first polarity, the second portion forming withthe first portion a mixture of the material, the mixture having a thirdresistive temperature coefficient of a magnitude that is below athreshold.
 38. The article of claim 37 wherein the third temperaturecoefficient is approximately zero.
 39. The article of claim 37 wherein:the first state comprises a first crystalline phase of the material; thesecond state comprises a second crystalline phase of the material; andthe mixture comprises grains of one of the first and second crystallinephases embedded in the other of the first and second crystalline phases.